TRANSLATION

TRANSLATION

The definitions of translation

1. Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in other language (TL) (Catford, 1969:20)

2. Translation is made possible by an equivalence of thought that lies behind its different verbal expressions. (Savory, 1969:13)

3. Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida, 1969:12)

4.  Translation is a process of finding a TL equivalent for an  SL   utterance. (Pinchuck,177:38)

5. Translation is a craft consisting of the attempt to replace a written message or statement in one language by the same message or statement in another language. (Newmark, 1981:7

It can be concluded that :

• In translation we use common terms, such as :

Equivalent           = similar

Textual material = written message

Reproducing       = replacing

• Translation equivalence can in rank of word for word, phrase for phrase, sentence for sentence etc.

Your knowledge of grammar plays an important role   when you translate Indonesian to English.

• English words with multiple meanings should be translated only in their context.
• Translate the following.

            1. a heavy light blue jacket

            2. offshore oil drilling

            3. a fine silver antique lamp

            4. Paul is fond of belling the cat.

            5.Ki Dalang memainkan wayang kulit semalam suntuk.

 6. Andai Yusuf Kalla menang dalam pemilu capres, dia tentu akan menjadi presiden Indonesia.

7. They have to make a few changes , but at least they haven’t got to start again from the scratch.

Catford (1969:2) divides translation into three distinctive types :

1. Full translation v.s Partial translation
2. Total v.s Restricted translation
3. Rank of translation

Full  v.s Partial translation

Full translation is translation which every part of the SL text is replaced by TL text material. E.g.

• Saya akan membeli 2 buku            =  I will buy two  books.
• Mereka tidak membeli apa-apa   = They didn’t buy anything.

While Partial translaton is translation which part of SL text is left untranslated. E.g

• I like humberger                              = Saya suka humberger.
• Orang hutan itu sejenis monyet = Orangutan is a kind of ape.

Total v.s Restricted translation
Total translation is traslation which SL grammar and lexis are replaced by nequivalent TL grammar and lexis. E.g.

The child   has slept     for         three hours .

Anak itu    telah tidur  selama  tiga jam.

       While in Restricted translation the replacement of SL grammar by equivalent TL grammar but with no replsacement of lexis, and replacement of SL lexis by equivalent TL lexis but with no replacement of grammar. E.g.

• Anak itu     telah tidur   selama  tiga jam.

  Noun Det /Aux Verb3 /prep /     Det Noun

• Anak itu      telah tidur        selama   tiga       jam.

  Child  that / already sleep /  for /    three/  hour

Rank of Translation

The rank of translation can be in the form of :

   Word to word translation

• Paragraph to paragraph translation
• Discourse to discourse translation

Jacobson, 1959:234 divides translation into three types :

1. Intralingual  translation.

            Interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language. E.g. Paraphrasing

2.         Interlingual translation.

            Interpretation of verbal signs by means of other languages. E.g. the replacement of SL text into the  equivalent  TL text.

3.         Intersemiotic translation.

            Interpretation of verbal signs by means of sign systems.      E.g. From verbal art into music, dance , cinema or painting.

Savory  categorizes translation into four types :
1. Perfect translation

Translation which contains purely informative statement, such as  notices which are hung in public places. E.g. in some air terminals.

Please ensure that your baggage is correct before leaving the air terminal.

2. Adequate translation.

     Translation which is intended for entertainment

E.g. Translating novel, story etc

3. Composite translation.

 Translation which is focused on the intellectual exercises   to get intellectual pleasure.

E.g. Translation of prose into prose, poetry into poetry or vise versa.

4. Scientific and technical translation.
Translation that is needed to gain intrinsic important of the original work.

State which of the following translations belongs to full, partial, or total translation.

1. Bill will arrive here soon = Bill akan segera datang kemari.
2. Ibu senang makan rujak  = Mother likes to eat rujak..
3. My father has worked hard = Ayah saya telah bekerja giat.
4. John akan pergi ke Surabaya besok = John will go to Surabaya tomorrow.

Translate the following using perfect translation.

1. No trespassing
2. Dilarang masuk kecuali peserta ujian dan pengawas ujian.
3. Silahkan memeriksa jawaban anda sekali lagi.
4. Pastikan sepeda motor anda terkunci.

TRANSLATION PRINCIPLES

There are two main principles of translation :

1. Literal or faithful translation

            The reasons for he advocacy for this principle are :

            a. The translator never forget that he is a translator.

            b. The translator is not the original writer.

            c. The translator is only the interpreter.

     d. The writer’s style could only be preserved in a  literal  translation.

2.  Idiomatic or free translation

            The reasons for the advocacy of this principle are :

            a. Literal translation is too difficult.

      b. Free translation is fresh and be read with ease and   pleasure.

c.  Accuracy, clearness, and precision are difficult to achieve in  literal translation.

d. The freedom to include lexical and grammatical adjustment to obtain the meaning of the SL text as closely  as possible to the TL equivalence.

Select which one of the following statements belong  to either literal or  free translation :

1. The readers who know nothing  at all of the original language.

2. The readers who are learning the language of the original.
3. The readers who knew the language in the past, but have now forgotten almost the whole of their early knowledge.
4. The scholars who still know the language.

Translate  the following sentences into Indonesian. Use  literal or free translation for its appropriate sentence.

1. Janice played the piano very well at the party last night.

2. My wife would like to drink either squash or lemonade.

3. Never have I seen such a beautiful chick like her.

4. Trespassers will be prosecuted.

5. My father hunted high and low his glasses all morning.

6. The old beggar was so odd-looking that Lucy was a little afraid of him.

7. A year or two ago Peter was very keen on photography, but now he seems to have lost interest in it.

8. They told me a pack of lies, and I didn’t know what to say.

9. Mary had to go to the hospital when she got her hand caught in the revolving door.

GRAMMATICAL  EQUIVALENCE

In translating English words, phrases, or sentences into Indonesian words, phrases, or sentences or in vise versa we must  take into consideration grammatical equivalence in order to the attain faithfulness and readability.

E.g.

1. everlasting friendship

2. unfriendly attitude

3. Unfurnished house

4. uninhabited small island

5. unfailing hope

6. you ought to cut down

7. five naughty teenagers

8. undeniable order

9. hopeful attempt

10. endless love affairs

1. persahabatan yang kekal abadi
2. sikap yang tidak ramah
3. rumah yang tak berperabot
4. pulau kecil yang tak berpenghuni
5. harapan yang tak kunjung padam
6. kamu sebaiknya menguranginya
7. lima anak belasan tahun yang nakal
8. perintah yang tak dapat sangkal
9. usaha yang penuh harapan

10. hubungan cinta  tak ada habisnya

Translate the following sentences into Indonesian or vise versa.

1. His business is on its legs through bad management.
2. Mr. Johnson found himself in deep water when he took over the management of the firm.
3. Burglars usually finish their work before day.
4. For heaven’s sake, don’t do the stupid thing like this.
5. The bus stop is just a stone’s throw away.
6. He cries down everything his wife does.
7. She must be out of her mind.
8. 8.  a tiny erect figure of the maid in her white and black uniform
9. 9.  thin horn-rimmed spectacles
10.  10. untuk setiap aksi akan timbul reaksi yang sepadan dan berlawanan.
11. 11. To be sent to battle field
12. 12. A  main function of the secretary
13. 13. Working in police force
14. 14. A nice distinction of word choice
15. 15. a fresh employee in this company

16. 16. Almarhum Dr. Susilo terkenal karena sifat sosialnya.

GRAMMATICAL ADJUSTMENT

Translation is not  merely transferring words from Sl to Tl words or in vise versa, but it has to consider about the difference of the linguistic components such as :

·         the structure or phrases

·         position of attributives or modifiers

·         morphological structure and categories

·         clause orders

·         elliptical constructions

·         restructuring of complex propositions

·         statements into kernels

·         other related  or similar elements.

Study the following grammatical patterns :
A. Attributives

Art.	Attributive	Noun
a	smart	student
a	water	tower
a	smart young	boy
a	cripple old	camel
a	managing	director
a	challenging	adventure
a	swimming	pool
a	sewing	machine
a	written	message
a	stolen	jewelry
a	rotten	Fruit
a	spoken	language
Noun		Attributive
something		beautiful
people		in the dessert
books		to read
room		available
B. Gerund      1. Gerund as subject           Swimming will      2. Gerund as  object            The man loves		make you healthy drinking

3. Gerund as complement

His job is painting houses.

4. Gerund as object of preposition  

    That boy is interested in climbing mountain.

C. Tense markers

1. He writes a letter every week.

2. He is writing a letter right now.

 3. He has already written a letter.

 4. He wrote a letter yesterday.

5. He will write another letter tomorrow.

6. He had already written a letter before  his friend came.    

7. He was writing a letter when his friend came.

8. By the end of this semester he will have written six letters to his girl-friend.

9. By the time his friend came, he had already written two  letters.

D. Modals

1. Her friend should be here in a few minutes.

2. Her friend must be here in a few minutes.

3. Our friend ought to be here in a few minutes.

4. Her friend can be here in a few minutes.

5. Her friend needn’t be here in a few minutes.

6. Her friend mustn’t be here in few minutes.

7. Her friend oughtn’t to be here in a few minutes.

8. Her friend may be here in a few minutes.

9. He is smart, isn’t he?

10. He didn’t keep the promise, did he?

E. Conditionals

    1. If John works harder, he will pass the exam.

    2. If I lived in the village, life would become easier.

    3. If John had studied hard, he would have gotten good marks.

F. Verbs of wishing

    1. The employer wishes to improve  the workers’ welfare.

    2. The test advisor requested that we not bring anything into the hall.

    3. It is essential that my license be shown to the patrolman.

G. Subjunctives

    1. John wishes that you had not made such a mistake.

    2. Mary wishes that she were a beautiful princess.

    3. The farmers usually talk to his animals as if they were human beings.

    4. He acted as though she had been elected as a chairman of this firm.

H. Inversion

    1. Seldom does Mr. Lea give a assignment this semester.

    2. Never have I seen such a beautiful girl like her.

    3. Not only did I see him, but talk to him as well.

   4. Only if there is a translation test, will the students study hard.

1. Kernel Sentence

            Kernel sentence is the simplest form of sentence in a long simple sentence or complex sentence.

E.g. 1. The man wearing a black  jacket  and dark glasses  is a policeman.

2.  The man employed for this job caught the thief stealing  a pack of wrist watch.

3. When I entered the old house, I saw something frightening.

Task I

1. Translate the following noun phrases into Indonesian.

            1. a growing industrial  complex

            2. an unidentified flying object

            3. a revolving door

            4. a highly motivated student

            5. the implied meaning

            6. an ill-tempered landlady

            7. scrambled eggs

            8. the unfinished ghost story

B. Translate the sentences into Indonesian

    1. Try to avoid making her angry.

    2. You have had many opportunities of serving your country.

    3. You can’t make an omelet without breaking eggs.

    4. After reading this article, you will give up smoking.

    5. Is there anything here worth buying?

    6. If I were a well known politician, my country wouldn’t be dominated by corruptors.

    7. Only if most of the people know the legal matters, will they not destroy the forest.

     8.   By the time father leaves the house for his job, mother will have finished preparing the breakfast for him.

9. Mr. Chang talked to his students as if he were a popular advocate.
10. The lecturer insisted that the task not be submitted without being carefully edited and neatly typed.

C. Translate the Indonesian sentences into English.

1. Gadis cantik yang tinggal di sebelah rumahku bekerja sebagai guru TK di lembaga ini.

2. Orang tua yang berkaca mata hitam itu berusia lebih dari satu abad.

3. Mahasiswa bertampang menawan yang duduk di kursi rotan itu, mudah bergaul dengan semua mahasiswa di kelasnya.

4. Orang yang bertugas menjaga keamanan kampung kita selalu tidur pada waktu pagi dan siang hari.

5. Tanah yang di persiapkan untuk pemukiman transmigran harus dibebaskn dari binatang-binatang buas.

6. Anak laki-laki itu mambaca buku cerita yang dihadiahkan oleh pamannya pada ulang tahunnya yang ke sepuluh.

7. Sewaktu anak-anak sedang bermain bola di halaman depan rumah, orang tuanya asyik mengobrol dengan tetangganya sambil minum kopi.

8. Pencuri yang ditangkap polisi bulan lalu dihadiahi hukuman 2 tahun penjara.

9.   Kami sekeluarga sedang makan malam ketika tiba-tiba lampu padam dan adik menjerit-jerit ketakuatan.

10. Ketika perang dunia kedua pecah, saya baru berusia enam tahun dan duduk di kelas satu sekolah dasar.

11. Andaikata saya melihat Kate, saya akan mengantarkannya pulang.

12. Seandainya saya mempunyai jabatan, dengan mudah saya akan mendapatkan uang.

13. Seandainya saja saya mengetahui kamu di rumah sakit, saya akan menjengukmu lebih dulu dari pada teman-temanmu.

14. Andaikata saya mempunyai cukup waktu senggang saat ini, saya akan pergi bersamamu.

LEXICAL  ADJUSTMENT

AFFIXED WORDS

There are two kinds of affixation, derivational affixation and inflectional affixation.

A. Derivational Affixation

Affixation which derives from one class of word to another class of word.

Study the following words :

water              watery

hope               hopeless

history                        historical

friend              friendly

beautiful        beautifully

happy             happiness

long                length

frank               frankly

red                  redden

advise            advice

continue        continuous

educate          education

agree              agreement

Try to find the meaning of the following prefixes and suffixes :

English prefixes

ante    sebelum        antebellum  

            mendahului  antecedent

anti     bertentangan           anti-American

             penangkis    anti-aircraft

auto    sendiri                       autodidact

bi         dua                             bilingual

circum mengelilingi            circumnavigation

co                   kerjasama     cooperative

counter      balasan counterblow

de                   penurunan    degradation

                        penebangan   deforestation

dis                  tidak                disagree

ex                    mantan          ex-soldier

hyper sangat            hyperactive

inter    antar  intercultural

macro            besar  macrocosm

mal     tidak mampu maladjustment

                        salah              malnutrition

                        kegagalan     malfunction

micro kecil                microfilm

mini    pendek           miniskirt

mis     salah              misspell

mono satu                monolingual

multi   banyak           multipurpose           

non     tidak                nonalignment          

post    sesudah        postwar

pre      sebelum        premature

prime utama             prime mover 

pro      mendukung  pro-military

re        kembali          rearrangement

semi   setengah       semitransparent

sub     bagian           subcommittee

trans  antar   transliteration

English Suffixes

able    readable        manageable

ful                   beautiful

                         colorful         

ic                     economic      mathematic  

ical                  historical                    logical

ious    continuous                religious

ish       selfish                                    foolish

ly         friendly                       conomically

ship    friendship                  leadership

ance   attendance                allowance

ation   organization        internalization

dom    freedom                     kingdom

ee        employee                  examinee

er         teacher                       speaker

ness   happiness                 loudness

ist        scientist                     economist

ism      nationalism               idealism

en                   deep               deepen

ize                   maximize       minimize

B. Inflectional affixes are affixes which are always attached to the base (stem).

E.g. work        works

               work worked

   play              playing

               book            books

               strong          stronger

               strong          strongest

Translate the following words or phrases into Indonesian or vise versa.

1. cold bloody killer
2. enchain
3. fleshy
4. endearment
5. bottomless pit
6. unlimited expenditure
7. taktertundukkan

8.   penyerderhanaan yang berlebihan

Translate the following sentences into Indonesian or vise versa.

1. The industrial revolution has gradually developed in Japan since post-war time.
2. Indonesian has become self-supporting in rice under Mr. Suharto’s  leadership.
3. The strikers have reached a settlement with the employers.
4. Every wife expects endearments from her husband.
5. Strict enforcement of a new law takes time in this country.
6. Karena sembrono, dia terjatuh ke dalam sumur yang sangat dalam sekali.
7. Kami memperoleh berita itu dari sumber yang meyakinkan.
8.   Masa depan pencari kerja nampaknya  tidak begitu menggembirakan.
9. Latar belakngnya yang tak pantas disebut dan sekarang dia mempunyai kesulitan memperoleh pekerjaan.
10. Sedikit perasaan tak enak segera muncul  setelah perceraian mereka yang menyangkut tanggung jawab pemeliharaan anak  mereka satu-satunya.
11. Karena penghasilannya yang makin berkurang dari hari ke hari, Amrin si tukang becak itu pulang ke rumah dengan putus asa.
12. Menyadari kesalahannya, john segera meminta maaf kepada orang tua asuhnya.

COMPOUND WORDS

Compound word is a word consisting of two or more parts that make up one meaningful unit.

E.g. sunflower          sun     flower

             bookstore      book   store

             green eyed   green  eyed

             grasshopper grass  hopper

             ceasefire       cease fire

             street-walker            street  walker

1. Translate the following words into Indonesian.

            1. greenroom            5. grandstand

            2. bloodhound          6. wasteland

            3. blackleg     7. black sheep

            4. homing pigeon    8. matchmaker

B. Translate the following words into English.

            1. rumah hantu        6. baju renang

            2. pencakar langit    7. kopi pahit

            3. pelabuhan bebas8. pisau lipat

            4. pasar gelap           9. lintah darat

            5. hari gajian 10. tongkat polisi

C. Translate the following sentences into Indonesian or vise versa.

     1. James is an able-bodied male who is fit  for the army.

     2. Dr. Smith is an absent-minded professor who always forgets his own birthday.

     3. The navy cadets must get up at cock-crow.

4. Stuntman is accident-proof professional who risks his life only for money.

5. Karen has been liquor addicted for more than one years.

6. The Afro-Asian conference was commemorated in Bandung last year.

7. The news of assassination came like a bombshell.

8. That freckle-faced man is our new history teacher.

9. Setelah pensiun dari angkatan kepolisian Bob menjadi penjual keliling dari pintu kepintu.

10. Kelakuannya ketika suaminya sedang pergi membuat tentangganya merasa heran.

11. Pikiranmu sangat buruk setelah kamu tidak lulus ujian.

12. Pada puncak karirnya dokter itu berpenghasilan enam puluh ribu dolar setahun.

13. Tuan Bronson dulu biasa berburu di Afrika utara.

14. Berada di bak mandi yang berisi air panas terasa sangat enak setelah bekerja keras.

15. Satu-satunya kegemaran adikku adalah memasak. Tak mengherankan dia mempunyai banyak sekali buku masak di rumah.

16. My friend likes to have white coffee but I would rather have it black.

17. A pocket-knife is more expensive than a safety razor.

18. It is impossible for any prisoner of war to escape from the prison due to well-trained bloodhounds.

BLANDING, CLIPPING, AND ACRONYM

1. Blending

            Blending is a fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the last part of the other so that the resultant blend consists of both of original meanings.

            E.g. motel      motor  hotel

                        brunch           breakfast        lunch

                        Kanwil            kantor wilayah

                        Hansip           pertahanan   sipil

                        smog  smoke            fog

B.   Clipping

            Clipping is a process in which a word is formed by shortening a longer word.

            E.g.  lab          laboratory

                        dorm   dormitory

                        mag    magazine

C. Acronym

            Acronym is the result of forming a word from the first letter or letters of each word in a phrase.

            E.g. CIA         Central Intelligence  Agency

                        UNO   United Nation organization            ILO      International Labor                                      Organization

                        TNI      Tentara Nasional Indonesia

                        DPR   Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat           

Identify which of the following is blending, clipping or acronym.

1. heliport           6. stuffocated
2. ASEAN                      7. prefab
3. frig                  8. Kepsek
4. broasted         9. KTT
5. filmfest           10. Letkol

Give the Indonesian words that form the blending  and then translate them into English.

1. Jatim              14. Kades
2. Kepsek                       15. Korud
3. Puskur                       16. Pendam
4. Sumut                        17. Kemlu
5. Irja                   18. Deppen
6. Satgas                        19. Japen
7. GAMA                        20. Depkes
8. Kepres                       21. Depertan
9. Letkol             22. Depernas
10. KODAM         23. Deperindra
11. Kanwil                        24. Banas
12. Hansip                       25. Korwas

13. Satpam          26. Sekdes

Translate the following sentences into Indonesian or vise versa.

1. The president has directed the immediate establishment of prefab school houses for children in flood area.
2. When I got to the subway station the train had already left.
3. The WHO which has various activities in the world is founded by UNO.
4. Puskur di Jakarta mengurusi pengembangan kurikulum untuk pendidikan mulai dari tingkat paling bawah hingga tingkat atas.
5. Pada kunjungan ke Jatim Kasad memperingatkan agar kita mawas diri terhadap bahaya laten komunis.
6. Tetangga saya telah menjabat sebagai anggota DPR selama lebih kuarang 2 tahun.
7. Kemlu kita cukup berhasil dalam menjalankan misinya berkat kepemimpinan bapak Muhtar Kusuma Atmaja.
8. Depkes takhenti-hentinya memberikan penerangan tentang bahaya AIDS khusususnya di daerah perkotaan.
9. The house where Jim lives is situated in a shabby area, surrounded by many factories. The air is dirty and full of smog.
10.  About a half of dozen Russian subs were sighted by the US Coast Guard off the coast of Cuba.
11. Being a Singaporean Susan Khoo speaks both Chinese and English.
12. 12. We had a chance to travel from Tokyo to the neighboring city by a monorail train while we were in Japan.
13. 13. Katakan pada Bill agar dia tidak lupa membawa kartu identitas peserta saat memasuki ruangan seminar di BANAS.
14. 14. Karena mempunyai delapan anak, petani tua itu mengalami banyak masalah kekeluargaan yang harus deselesaikan melalui RT dan RW stempat sebelum diterukan ke Desa.
15. 15. Jane telah bekerja sebagai pramugari di sebuah penerbangan milik swasta dan sekarang dia bekerja sebagai staff di KEMENDAGRI.
16. 16. Harimau itu menyusui kedua anaknya di BONBIN Surabaya tanpa memperhatikan banyak pengunjung melihatnya.

FIGURE OF SPEECH

Every writer has his or her  own style. To understand the writer’s style, we have to discuss about figure of speech.

Study the following figure of speech :

1. Euphemism

       It is the use of words or phrases in place of what is required by truth or accuracy.  

E.g. He passed away ( died).

     

 He is mentally unbalanced (mad)

      - Your friend is a bit slow, I’m afraid.

      - She is not herself today.

      - She is wetting her pants.

      - She must have lost her mind.

2. Simile

      It is a figure of speech in which two objects are compared.

     

E.g. as quick as lightening

      as hard as rock

      as poor as church mouse

      She is like a parrot.

      She is as old as the hills.

      as pale as a ghost

      as silence as grave

3. Personification

      It is a figure of speech containing  the endowing of inanimate objects or abstract ideas with human qualities or attributes.

       E.g. The jocund day stands on tiptoe on the misty mountain tops.

      The hurricanes swept away all the ships in the harbor.

      The old train crept along the narrow pass.

      The moon walks slowly and silently through the night.

TASK

Translate the following sentences into Indonesian.

1. That hungry boy ate like a horse.

2. Mr. John smokes like a chimney.

3. My grandfather is as old as the hills.

4.   My grandma had passed away when I was still teenager.

5.   My cousin who is talking by himself over there is mentally unbalanced.

6.   Your brother is a bit slow on mathematics.

7.   By midnight Salatiga is still wrapped in silence.

8.   I wonder what will become of him if there is a fire. He always sleeps like a log.

9.   Look, your daughter is so scared stiff that  she is watering her pants.

10. Buddy had a mountain of work ahead of him.

11. The woods were blanketed with snow during winter.

12. That old spinster has a very sharp tongue.

Translate the following sentences into English, and use figure of speech whenever possible.

1. Ibuku telah membeli sebungkul kobis dan dua bungkul slada.
2. Gigi gergajinya sangat tajam sekali se-hingga tukang kayu tersebut dapat me-motong balok tebal cepat sekali.
3. Keterangan kata-kata yang dicetak tebal dapat dilihat pada bagian bawah halaman tersebut.
4. Keluarga smith sangat melarat sekali dan tinggal di salah satu daerah miskin di New York.
5. Miskipun buyutku sangat tua sekali, ia masih dapat mendengar dan melihat dengan sempurna.
6. Karena kepanasan selama dua jam terus menerus wanita setengah baya

itu pingsan dan mukanya pucat sekali.

7.  Guruku menerangkan bentuk dan arti if clause dengan jelas sekali.

8.   Tuan smith adlah perokok berat. Dia merokok terus menerus sepanjang hari.

9.   Dengan udara yang sangat panas ini Adam selalu haus dan dia minum terus menerus.

10. Orang Indian biasanya memiliki penglihatan yang sangat tajam sekali karena mereka hidup di lembah yang luas sekali.

11. Di tengah malam Sumber Pucung, sebuah desa di dekat kota Malang, sunyi senyap sekali.

12. Permukaan jam dinding ini terbuat dari baja anti karat yang dicat abu-abu.

13. Pondok kecil itu terletak di kaki gunung Lawu lebih kurang 5 km dari Tawangmangu.

14. Sehabis hujan lebat terus menerus selama tiga hari pekarangan rumah kami penuh dengan lumpur.

15. Boleh saya ke belakang?

IDIOMS

Idiom is an expression which can’t be understood from the literal meaning of the word of which it is composed.

            Idiom should be learnt and understood in context. The context will help you guess the meaning of an idiom intelligently.

Study the following examples :

1. Yesterday I went home in the rain, so I caught a cold. (masuk angin)
2. I wasn’t satisfied with my hotel room, so I made a fuss. (mengadu)
3. This university has produces many great men of letter. (sarjana)
4. It is too hot in this room, you must take off your jacket. (melepas)
5. The plane will take off at two o’clock sharp. (tinggal landas)

TASK 1

Translate the sentences into Indonesian. Focus on the words or phrases written in italics.

1. He always looks a gift horse in the mouth every time his teacher explains something.
2. The manager takes it for granted that I know all about office work.
3. The lesson is difficult but hammer away at it and you will understand it.
4. After more than ten unsuccessful attempts to get a new job, he began to lose heart.
5. The president said that the day the war ended would go down in history.
6. The team was determined to win the last game by hook or crook.
7. The workers worked into the evening and then came in and ate like a horse.
8. John had never been to a big party before and he was ill at ease.
9. She is in an interesting condition.
10. He was insulted, but he managed to keep his temper.
11. When we found that he had lied, we immediately kicked him out of the club.
12. He accepted his defeat like a lamb.
13. My dog made after the cat.
14. The owners of the Supermarket agreed to meet the strikers halfway.
15. In your new hairdo, you look like a million dollars.

16. Bill’s classmate made a monkey of his girlish.

17. Your name will be mud if you double-cross me.
18. I have no complain about my customers. They all pay on the nail.
19. Jane’s mother was on pains and needles because she was late getting  home from school.
20. Her husband goes to night club night after night.
21.  He took advantages of the lonely woman.
22.  The factory operates around the clock with three shifts a day.
23. Mary’s father refused to stand bail for her when she was arrested on a drug charge.
24. We need some fresh blood in this company to raise the selling products in this city.

TASK 2

Translate the following sentences into Indonesian.

1. Arthur made a clean breast of cheating on the test to his teacher.
2. Whenever Billy is blamed for anything , he always tries to pass the buck.
3. He didn’t stand a chance of winning the first prize.
4. If you have sexual intercourse with  a girl before she reaches the age of consent you can be prosecuted.
5. We really up the creek now, here we are in the foreign country with no money.
6. His unkind remarks cut me to the quick.
7. The workmen find it hard to do without cigarettes.
8. 8. He devoted his time to badminton at the expense of his studies.
9. 9. The children were all ears when their father was describing the car crash.
10. 10. She always finds fault with the way I eat.
11. 11. Larry is a boy with a finger in every pie at school from drama to football.
12. 12. Tom has got ahead of all the other boys in the class.
13. 13. The color of her  dress she was wearing at the party last night fitted like a glove to her skin.
14. 14. The police haven’t found the murder yet, but they are convinced that the really facts of the case will soon come to light.
15. 15. This year they run their shop in the black, last year they were in the red and now they are in the black again.

TASK 3

Translate the following sentences into Indonesian. Focus on the idiomatic expressions stated in italics.

1. The film producer was in the red. Many of his films were commercially unsuccessful.
2. Jack visited his mother once in blue moon.
3. He arrived  out of blue, without phoning first.
4. We have spent a lot of money on luxuries this year. We will have to draw in our horns if we want to take that holiday in Switzerland.
5. A pretty blonde waitress working in a new restaurant seems to have turned John’s head. He has lunch everyday now.
6. Mike and Phil had an agreement last night  about who does most cleaning in the flat they are sharing. I was careful not to take sides, as I want to stay good friends with them both.

7.    It stands on to reason that Paul won’t sell his business now that he has got it running so well.

8.    Brian made a sarcastic remark about my private life, so I told him to set his own house in order before criticizing me.

9.     Rachel is very happy with Robert at the moment, but when she stops seeing things through rose-colored spectacles I think she will realize that he is only for her money.

10.  Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened, otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a tactless remark. You had better put him in the picture.

11.  Norman is a very intelligent fellow. If he plays his card right, he may end up a partner in the film before he is 40.

12. Don’t let Keith upset you. He loves laying down the law but nobody takes him very seriously.
13. Diana really fell on her feet when she took a job with Brown & Brothers.

PROCESS OF TRANSLATION

There are three steps in the process of  translation :

1. Understanding the meaning or message of the text in SL.
2. Looking for the equivalent meaning or message in TL.
3. Restructuring this equivalent meaning or message in the TL into an accepted form of the text in TL.

Study the following ways :

She insisted on taking innumerable outfits with her, and arrived at the station loaded with luggage.

“I wish,” said the husband thoughtfully, “that we’d brought the piano.”

“You needn’t be sarcastic,” came the frigid reply. “It’s not a bit funny.

“I’m not trying to be funny,” he explained sadly. “I left the tickets on it.”

The first step is we find the meaning of the difficult words in SL :

1. Outfits  = assemblage of articles
2. Innumerable = too many to count
3. Loaded with = burdened with
4. Thoughtfully = considerate
5. Sarcastic = being ironical
6. Frigid = without feeling, very cold
7. Wish = want, hope

The second step is to look for the equivalent meaning in Tl (Indonesian)

1. Outfits  = perlengkapan
2. Innumerable  = takterhitung banyaknya
3. Loaded with  = dibebani dengan
4. Thoughtfully  = dengan merenung
5. Sarcastic         = mengejek
6. Frigid               = tanpa perasaan
7. Wish                = hendak, ingin

The third step is to reconstruct the sentences or words  into acceptable context to meet the original meanings :

1. “I wish we’d brought the piano” will be best translated into “Andaikata kita juga membawa piano”.
2. “Came the frigid reply” will be best translated into “ terdengar jawaban yang ketus”.
3. “I left the tickets on it” will be best translated into “ karcisnya tertinggal di atas piano”.

Task I

Translate the following text into Indonesian.

      Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement

in intelligence or morality., it has made an extraordinary progress in accumulation of knowledge. Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech. With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then not only be communicated but also stored. Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added the libraries : the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.

Task II

Translate the following texts into Indonesian.

Stop using words that invite people to victimize you. Such put downs as “I’m not very important, “I’m not really smart” or “I never understand legal matters” are really licenses for other to take advantage of you. If you tell a waiter  you are not good at figures while he is adding up your check, you are teaching him that you won’t catch a mistake.

      A man with a bristling gray beard came and sat next to me at lunch. He had pale blue eyes and he talked of yachting in the English Channel. “It is not dangerous at all, provided you don’t learn to swim.”

“Why is that?”

“When you are in the spot of trouble, if you can swim you try to strike out for the shore. You invariably drown. As I can’t swim, I cling to the wreckage. That is my tip; if you are in trouble, cling to the wreckage!”

It was my advice I have been taking most of my life.

THE CONCEPT OF MEANING

There are five different  kinds of meaning in language.

1. Lexical meaning

      Lexical meaning is a meaning  as defined in the dictionary.

      E.g.     Cave   = gua

                  ape     = kera

                  stone  = batu

2.   Grammatical meaning

      Grammatical meaning  is a meaning which is determined by word order and word forms.

      E.g.     a car factory.

      a factory car

      pocket money

      money pocket

      John goes to Surabaya by train.

      John went to Surabaya by train.

      John has gone to Surabaya by train.

3. Textual meaning

      Textual meaning is a meaning which is based on the text.

      E.g.     That is ten times better.

      His doctrine didn’t fit in with the times.

      The child is counting his money.

      There are ten of us, counting the children.

4. Situational meaning

      Situational meaning is a meaning which is determined by the situation of the situation.

      E.g.     Fire !

                  Fire ?

                  Fire !

5. Socio-cultural meaning

      Socio-cultural meaning is a meaning which is determined by socio-cultural concept.

      E.g. A : Hai, mau kemana?

B : Mau kesana. Sedang apa?

A : Berkebun. Mari singgah.

B : Trima kasih. Sudah siang. Lain kali saja.

TASK

1. Translate the English text into Indonesian, paying attention to the lexical meaning.

                  Consider the couple sent off to patch up an eroding marriage during the course of one short weekend. These people were rushed by well meaning relatives into a situation that was supposed to facilitate the forgiveness everyone saw as necessary, without any regard for the fact that both these people were hurting deeply and needed time to let their hurt be healed. They came back as hurt, resentful and non forgiving as when they left. And an anxious friends and relatives indicated their disappointment that the weekend didn’t  do the trick.

2. Translate  the English text into Indonesian, paying attention to the grammatical meaning.

                  Then, the tiny erect figure of the maid in her white and black uniform was standing beside Richard Pratt, holding something out in her hand. “ I believe these are yours sir,” she said.

                  Pratt saw the thin horn- rimmed spectacles that she held out to him, and for a moment he hesitated. “Are they?”

                  “Yes, sir, they are yours.” The maid was an elderly woman, nearer 70 than 60, a faithful family retainer of many  year’s standing.

3. Translate the following text into Indonesian, paying attention to the textual meaning.

                  Each year Americans drink 2 ½ billion pounds of coffee, which account for 76 percent of our nearly 34 million-pound annual

coffee consumption. Eight out of ten adult Americans drink coffee, about 3.5 cups every day.

      Many who are abstain from coffee and tea also consume caffeine often unwittingly. The drug is found in chocolate, colas and other soft drinks, some fortify with up to 54 milligrams of caffeine in each 12-ounce bottle. In addition, caffeine is present in diet pills, cold and allergy pills, headache remedies, and even as an unnamed “flavoring agent” in some puddings, frozen diary desserts and baked goods.

4. Translate the following text into Indonesian, paying attention to the situational meaning.

                  The three women and I sat watching the two men. Our roast beef lay before us on our plates, steaming.

                  “You say I can name the bet?” Pratt asked.

“That’s what I said.”

There was a pause while Pratt looked around the table. He appeared to be reminding us, each in turn , that we were witness to the offer. I noticed the maid holding a dish of vegetables, wondering whether to come forward with them or not.

      “All right, then,” Pratt said. “I’ll put up my house. Both my houses. And I’ll tell you what I want you to be.”

5. Translate the following text into Indonesian, paying attention to the socio-cultural meaning.

                  During rehearsal at a community theater, there was a unusual accident. A teenager outside lost control of his car, crashed through the back wall of the theater and ended up the stage. Luckily, no one was hurt. As the boy got out of the wrecked car, the director wanting to be funny, said, “Are you trying to break into show business?”

                  “No,” answered the boy. “It’s  just stage I’m going through.”

TEXTUAL MEANING AND ADJUSTMENT

To understand further about Textual meaning that has been discussed before, consider the following example :

1. He has lived here for two years.
2. What are you waiting for ?
3. This letter is for you.
4. He didn’t attend the lecture, for he was sick.

Now translate the following English text into Indonesian, paying attention to the textual meaning.

      In the course of some 350 years of colonization,  this important segment of the population, the entrepreneurs, was eliminated and replaced by the Dutch and other Europeans as well as the overseas Chinese. At those times the indigenous people of Indonesia were assigned a very minor role as farmers, merchants and low ranking civil servants.

It is therefore quite natural that since Indonesian independence and particularly during the past fifteen years, efforts have been taken to recapture, to encourage and to strengthen the spirit of entrepreneurship of the Indonesian people in order to mobilize the nation’s potential.

     

      Whenever the residents in the north west of China’s Yunnan Province need rain, they simply yell for it, according to the Sanghai Liberation Daily. This phenomenon occurs high in the Geoligong Mountains, where there is a group of pools nicknamed “enchanting lake”.

      “When speaks in a loud voice at the side of the lakes, heavy rain often follows immediately,” the newspaper explained. “The louder the speaker , the heavier the rain.”

STUATIONAL MEANING AND ADJUSTMENT

To understand further about Situational meaning that has been discussed before, consider the following example :

“Bapak perlu apa?” can be translated into :

“What do you mean?” or “What do you want?”

This translation happens without considering the situation where and when the text occurs. The best translation of that sentence is : “Can I help you?”

Translate the following English texts into Indonesian.

      Structurally, we are the most intricate components of Joe’s body, in no other piece of body machinery is so much packed into so small a space. I have eight wrist bones, five bones in my palms, fourteen in my partner’s twenty seven and we account for more than a fourth of the bones in Joe’s body. My supply of nerves to detect the heat, touch and pain is one of the most elaborate in the body. I have a thousands of nerve endings per square inch, most heavily concentrated in my fingertips. Sensitivity here is extraordinary. Joe can feel  in the dark, moisten fingertip and determine

direction of the wind, and a thousand other things  that he considers commonplace, instead of looking on them as the true wonders they are.

      The next morning he happened the place  where she took board and room just as she was coming out to walk to school.

“Well, here I am,” he said.

“And do you know,” she said, I’m not surprised.”

“May I carry your books?” he asked.

“Why, thank you, Bob.

They walked for a few minutes and he said nothing. She glanced over and slightly down at him and saw how at ease he was, how happy he seemed. When they reached the edge of the school ground, he said,” I better leave you here. The other kids wouldn’t understand.”

“I am not sure I do, either,” said Miss Taylor.

“Why, we were friends,” said Bob, with a natural honesty.